HTML Entities

Reserved characters in HTML must be replaced with entities:

• < (less than) = <
• > (greater than) = >

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HTML Character Entities

Some characters are reserved in HTML.

If you use the less than (<) or greater than (>) signs in your HTML text, the browser might mix them with tags.

HTMLda ba'zi belgilar maxsus ma'noga ega bo'lgani uchun, ularni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri matnda ishlatish mumkin emas. Bunday belgilarni ko'rsatish uchun entity nomlari yoki raqamlaridan foydalaniladi.

Masalan, kichikdan (<) va kattadan (>) belgilarini HTML matnida ishlatsangiz, brauzer ularni teglar bilan aralashtirib yuborishi mumkin.

Entity nomlari quyidagicha yoziladi:

&entity_nomi;

Entity raqamlari esa quyidagicha yoziladi:

&#entity_raqami;

Kichikdan belgisi (<) ni ko'rsatish uchun: < yoki < deb yoziladi.

TIP

Entity nomlarini eslab qolish entity raqamlariga qaraganda osonroq.

Entity names look like this:

&entity_name;

Entity numbers look like this:

&#entity_number;

To display a less than sign (<) we must write: < or <

TIP

Entity names are easier to remember than entity numbers.

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Non-breaking Space

A commonly used HTML entity is the non-breaking space:  

A non-breaking space is a space that will not break into a new line.

Two words separated by a non-breaking space will stick together (not break into a new line). This is handy when breaking the words might be disruptive.

Examples:

• § 10
• 10 km/h
• 10 PM

Another common use of the non-breaking space is to prevent browsers from truncating spaces in HTML pages.

If you write 10 spaces in your text, the browser will remove 9 of them. To add real spaces to your text, you can use the   character entity.

TIP

The non-breaking hyphen (‑) is used to define a hyphen character (‑) that does not break into a new line.

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Some Useful HTML Character Entities

Result	Description	Name	Number
	non-breaking space	 	 	Try it »
<	less than	&lt;	&#60;	Try it »
>	greater than	&gt;	&#62;	Try it »
&	ampersand	&amp;	&#38;	Try it »
"	double quotation mark	&quot;	&#34;	Try it »
'	single quotation mark	&apos;	&#39;	Try it »
¢	cent	&cent;	&#162;	Try it »
£	pound	&pound;	&#163;	Try it »
¥	yen	&yen;	&#165;	Try it »
€	euro	&euro;	&#8364;	Try it »
©	copyright	&copy;	&#169;	Try it »
®	registered trademark	&reg;	&#174;	Try it »
™	trademark	&trade;	&#8482;	Try it »

TIP

Entity names are case sensitive.

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Combining Diacritical Marks

A diacritical mark is a "glyph" added to a letter.

Some diacritical marks, like grave ( ̀) and acute ( ́) are called accents.

Diacritical marks can be used in combination with alphanumeric characters to produce a character that is not present in the character set (encoding) used in the page.

Here are some examples:

Mark	Character	Construct	Result
̀	a	à	à	Try it »
́	a	á	á	Try it »
̂	a	â	â	Try it »
̃	a	ã	ã	Try it »
̀	O	Ò	Ò	Try it »
́	O	Ó	Ó	Try it »
̂	O	Ô	Ô	Try it »
̃	O	Õ	Õ	Try it »

TIP

There are more examples in the next chapter.